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1.
An. pediatr. (2003, Ed. impr.) ; 76(6): 317-323, jun. 2012. tab, graf
Artigo em Espanhol | IBECS | ID: ibc-101484

RESUMO

Introducción: Desde 1996, cuando se inició el tratamiento antirretroviral de gran actividad (TARGA), se ha producido un cambio en el curso de la infección por el VIH, convirtiéndose en una enfermedad crónica. Nuestro objetivo fue describir las características de los niños seguidos en nuestro hospital. Pacientes y métodos: Se realizó un estudio de corte transversal, de 32 niños infectados por VIH, seguidos hasta diciembre de 2010, en el Hospital Universitario de Getafe. La evaluación de los pacientes se efectuó con datos clínicos y de laboratorio, recogidos de la última visita. Resultados: Se siguió a 32 niños con infección por VIH, 29 de ellos infectados por transmisión vertical. La edad media fue de 14 años. De acuerdo con la clasificación de los CDC, el 56% (18/32) de los niños estaban en la categoría A, el 28% (9/32) en la B y el 16% (5/32) en la C. Dentro de la categoría inmunológica, 24 (75%) se encontraban en la categoría 3, 3 (9%) en la categoría 2 y 5 (16%) en la categoría 1. La mediana del nadir de CD4 fue de 337 (12%). La mediana de CD4 en la última determinación fue de 749 (31%). Solo una adolescente con mala adherencia tenía un recuento absoluto de CD4 menor de 200 células/ml. Veintiocho pacientes (87%) recibían TARGA y 4 estaban sin tratamiento antirretroviral. De los pacientes en tratamiento, 26 (93%) presentaban cargas virales <200 copias/ml. La mediana de carga viral fue <20 copias/ml, y la mediana del tiempo de tratamiento antirretroviral fue de 10 años. La combinación más frecuente fue la de dos inhibidores de la transcriptasa inversa análogos de nucleósidos (ITIAN) y un inhibidor de la proteasa (IP), que la recibieron 15 pacientes (47%), seguida de 2 ITIAN y un inhibidor de la transcriptasa inversa no análogo (ITINN), que la recibieron 8 pacientes (29%). Dos niños con terapia de rescate recibieron raltegravir, uno con tipranavir y el otro darunavir. Un total de 12 pacientes (43%) recibían pautas una vez al día, de ellos con pautas fijas combinadas en un único comprimido se encontraron 7 pacientes (25%). Se observaron complicaciones metabólicas como hiperlipidemia o lipodistrofia en 17 niños (53%). Conclusiones: La mayoría de nuestros pacientes reciben TARGA, con un buen control inmunovirológico. La prevalencia de alteraciones metabólicas es elevada. Es necesario desarrollar estrategias para mejorar la adherencia y disminuir la toxicidad en los niños con infección por VIH de transmisión vertical (AU)


Introduction: Since 1996, when HAART became available, there has been a change in the course of HIV-infection, leading it to become a chronic disease. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of the children followed up in our hospital. Patients and methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 32 HIV-infected children followed up until December-2010, at the University-Hospital de Getafe. Clinical and laboratory information from the last visit was collected for the evaluation of patients. Results: Thirty-two children with HIV-1 were evaluated, 29 infected through vertical-transmission. The median age was 14 years. According to the CDC classification, 56% (18/32) of children were in category A, 28% (9/32) B and 16% (5/32) C. Immunological class was 3 in 75% of children, class 2 in 9% and class 1 in 16%. The median nadir of CD4 was 337 cells/ml (12%). The median current CD4 was 749 (31%). Only one adolescent had a CD4% below 200 cells/ml due to lack of adherence. Twenty-eight patients (87%) were receiving HAART, and 4 patients were off antiretroviral treatment. Among the patients treated, 26 (93%) had viral loads <200copies/ml. The median viral-load was<20 copies/ml. Median time on antiretroviral treatment was 10 years. The combination more frequently used was two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and one protease inhibitor (PI), that was given to 15 patients (47%), followed by 2 NRTI, and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in 8 patients (29%). Two children received rescue therapy including raltegravir, one with tipranavir and the other with darunavir. A total of 12 patients (43%) received medication once a day, 7 of them with fixed-dose combinations in a single tablet (25%). There were metabolic complications, including hyperlipidaemia or lipodystrophy were observed in 17 children (53%). Conclusions: Most of our patients are receiving HAART, with good virological and immunological control. The prevalence of metabolic abnormalities was high. Strategies to improve adherence and decrease toxicities are needed in perinatally-acquired HIV-infected children (AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Masculino , Feminino , Adolescente , Infecções por HIV/congênito , Infecções por HIV/epidemiologia , /estatística & dados numéricos , Carga Viral/estatística & dados numéricos , Carga Viral , Transmissão Vertical de Doenças Infecciosas/estatística & dados numéricos
2.
An Pediatr (Barc) ; 76(6): 317-23, 2012 Jun.
Artigo em Espanhol | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-22326511

RESUMO

INTRODUCTION: Since 1996, when HAART became available, there has been a change in the course of HIV-infection, leading it to become a chronic disease. Our aim was to describe the characteristics of the children followed up in our hospital. PATIENTS AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 32 HIV-infected children followed up until December-2010, at the University-Hospital de Getafe. Clinical and laboratory information from the last visit was collected for the evaluation of patients. RESULTS: Thirty-two children with HIV-1 were evaluated, 29 infected through vertical-transmission. The median age was 14 years. According to the CDC classification, 56% (18/32) of children were in category A, 28% (9/32) B and 16% (5/32) C. Immunological class was 3 in 75% of children, class 2 in 9% and class 1 in 16%. The median nadir of CD4 was 337 cells/ml (12%). The median current CD4 was 749 (31%). Only one adolescent had a CD4% below 200 cells/ml due to lack of adherence. Twenty-eight patients (87%) were receiving HAART, and 4 patients were off antiretroviral treatment. Among the patients treated, 26 (93%) had viral loads <200 copies/ml. The median viral-load was<20 copies/ml. Median time on antiretroviral treatment was 10 years. The combination more frequently used was two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI) and one protease inhibitor (PI), that was given to 15 patients (47%), followed by 2 NRTI, and one non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) in 8 patients (29%). Two children received rescue therapy including raltegravir, one with tipranavir and the other with darunavir. A total of 12 patients (43%) received medication once a day, 7 of them with fixed-dose combinations in a single tablet (25%). There were metabolic complications, including hyperlipidaemia or lipodystrophy were observed in 17 children (53%). CONCLUSIONS: Most of our patients are receiving HAART, with good virological and immunological control. The prevalence of metabolic abnormalities was high. Strategies to improve adherence and decrease toxicities are needed in perinatally-acquired HIV-infected children.


Assuntos
Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade , Infecções por HIV/tratamento farmacológico , HIV-1 , Adolescente , Terapia Antirretroviral de Alta Atividade/efeitos adversos , Criança , Pré-Escolar , Estudos Transversais , Feminino , Infecções por HIV/diagnóstico , Infecções por HIV/imunologia , Humanos , Lactente , Masculino , Adulto Jovem
3.
Endocrinol. nutr. (Ed. impr.) ; 53(2): 124-136, feb. 2006. ilus
Artigo em Es | IBECS | ID: ibc-043325

RESUMO

La hiperplasia suprarrenal congénita (HSC) es una de las alteraciones autosómicas recesivas más frecuentes. Caracterizada por un defecto enzimático en la síntesis de cortisol, la causa es, en el 95% de los casos, la deficiencia de la enzima 21-hidroxilasa (21-OH). La 17-OH progesterona, precursor del cortisol, presenta valores elevados, marcadores del diagnóstico. Esta enfermedad presenta diferentes formas clínicas; las clásicas o graves comienzan desde el período neonatal, con síntomas debidos al exceso de andrógenos suprarrenales como virilización y ambigüedad de los genitales externos de las niñas afectadas. En más del 70% de los casos se asocia pérdida salina (deficiencia de aldosterona), potencialmente letal en varones que no se diagnostican precozmente. Resumimos las diferentes formas de presentación de la deficiencia de 21-OH, y describimos el diagnóstico y el tratamiento con gluco y mineralcorticoides, con especial énfasis en la importancia de utilizar dosis de estrés de hidrocortisona, cuando es necesario. Los avances quirúrgicos actuales ofrecen una corrección funcional de las pacientes afectadas. Los programas de detección precoz evitan la asignación incorrecta de sexo en la recién nacida y pueden salvar la vida de los varones con formas graves y pérdida salina. Comentamos el diagnóstico genético-molecular del CYP21A2 (cromosoma 6p 21.3) y las características en la población española. Revisamos las directrices futuras para el estudio y el tratamiento de esta enfermedad, incluyendo diversos tratamientos como la flutamida, la hormona de crecimiento, los antagonistas de las gonadotropinas o la relación con el síndrome de ovario poliquístico. El diagnóstico y el tratamiento prenatales del feto femenino afectado son posibles, y los resultados son alentadores. Comentamos, también, el abordaje hacia la transición y la edad adulta, y la relevancia del control de la mujer con HAC durante la gestación


Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) is one of the most frequent autosomal recessive disorders. It is characterized by a deficiency of an enzyme involved in cortisol synthesis and in 95% of patients the cause is 21-hydroxylase deficiency. A diagnostic marker is elevated levels of 17-hydroxyprogesterone, a precursor of cortisol. CAH has several clinical forms, and classical or severe forms manifest in the neonatal period with symptoms due to excess adrenal androgen production such as virilization and ambiguity of the external genitalia in affected girls. In more than 70% of patients, there is associated salt wasting (aldosterone deficiency), which can be fatal in males without an early diagnosis. We summarize the various forms of presentation of 21-hydroxylase deficiency and describe diagnosis and treatment with gluco- and mineralocorticoids, with special emphasis on the importance of using stress doses of hydrocortisone when necessary. Current surgical advances provide functional correction in affected patients. Screening programs avoid incorrect sex assignment in the newborn and can save the lives of males with severe forms and salt wasting. We discuss the genetic-molecular diagnosis of CYP21A2 (chromosome 6p 21.3) and its characteristics in the Spanish population. We review future recommendations for the study and management of this disease, including several treatments such as flutamide, growth hormone, and gonadotrophin antagonists, as well as the association with polycystic ovary syndrome. Prenatal diagnosis and treatment in affected female fetuses are feasible and the results are encouraging. We also discuss the management of the transition to adulthood and the importance of follow-up of women with CAH during pregnancy


Assuntos
Humanos , Esteroide 21-Hidroxilase/análise , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/diagnóstico , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/terapia , Esteroide 17-alfa-Hidroxilase/análise , Virilismo/etiologia , Programas de Rastreamento , Hiperplasia Suprarrenal Congênita/epidemiologia
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